Dagesh is the dot in the middle of the letter. It indicates additional support.
The first row has letters without dagesh. In most cases, the pronunciation of a letter with Dagesh is different from the same letter without it.
The Hebrew language has rules about where to place a Dagesh in the letter. Still, the Torah has exceptions because it is on a different spiritual level and represents different light/support.
A dagesh in a letter may change the meaning of the word.
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